“沈阳事件”刷屏,背后折射的师生关系令人深思……
清明节期间,北京大学校友李悠悠的文章《现南京大学文学语言学系主任、长江学者沈阳教授,女生高岩的死真的与你无关吗?》刷爆网络。
李悠悠实名举报前北大中文系教授、现南京大学文学院教授沈阳在20年前曾经性侵北大中文系95级本科生高岩,并污蔑高岩患有精神病,致使其自杀身亡。
Shen Yang, dean of literature department at Nanjing University, was accused of sexually assaulting undergraduate Gao Yan in 1996 when he worked as a professor of literature at Peking University. Gao took her own life in 1998.
南京大学文学院教授沈阳被指1996年在北大中文系任职期间性侵本科生高岩。1998年,高岩自杀。
During the Qingming Festival on April 5, Gao’s classmate Li Youyou published the allegations of the improper conduct online, triggering public outrage.
4月5日清明期间,高岩同学李悠悠在网上发文控诉这一不当行为,引起公愤。
文章一石激起千层浪,尘封20年的北大女生高岩自杀事件走进大众的视线。
5日当天沈阳回应称,“当时北大中文系党委和北京海淀警方均有调查和明确结论,根本不存在上述事实”,“上述‘指责’实均为恶意诽谤”,“为此我将保留控告的权利”。
He denied the accusations as "malicious defamation".
他否认检举内容,称其为“恶意诽谤”。
另一名实名举报人、高岩北大95级同班同学王敖表示:
他(沈阳)要告我们诽谤,我们特别欢迎他来告,我们这么多人希望他把我们都告上法庭。然后我们法庭上见不就完了!
李悠悠在接受媒体采访时表示,她认为:
沈阳是以恋爱为名,对高岩进行了侵犯,是高岩自杀的始作俑者。
三所高校的回应
4月6日,南京大学在官方微博发布说明,表示“成立专门工作组对此事件进行研判,密切关注该事件的进展。”
同日,北京大学官方微博发布说明,公开回应李悠悠的文章,称学校即刻复核情况,查阅资料发现1998年北大曾对沈阳做出了行政处罚。
4月7日,南京大学文学院在官网发布声明,对当前传闻做出说明,建议沈阳辞去南大文学院教职。
The School of Liberal Arts at Nanjing University said in a statement that Shen had concealed his punishment when he accepted the job. The school asked him to hand in the resignation for he is “no longer qualified for the job at the school.”
南大文学院在声明中表示,沈阳调动工作时隐瞒了在北大受过处分的情况。南大建议沈阳辞去教职,因为他“不适合在本校工作了”。
7日,沈阳兼职的上海师范大学也发布声明,终止其聘任协议。并表示“对于有悖师德者,坚决采取零容忍态度。”
Another university, Shanghai Normal University, where Shen worked as a part-time professor, terminated his contract on Saturday, insisting on zero tolerance for those who violate teaching ethics.
沈阳作为兼职教授工作的上海师范大学7日终止其聘任协议,对于有悖师德者,坚决采取零容忍态度。
8日,北京大学通过官方微博,公布了20年前对时任中文系副教授沈阳的处分决定。
Peking University on Sunday published the documents relating to a disciplinary warning issued against Shen in 1998. The university held a meeting on the same day, calling for an end to sexual harassment and tightening its ethics supervision.
周日,北京大学公布1998年对沈阳给予行政警告处分的文件。同日,北大召开会议,呼吁反对任何形式的性骚扰,并加强道德监督。
1998年7月的文件显示,该校认定:
沈阳1995年9月至1996年5月,给中文系本科生上“现代汉语”课,与学习委员高岩接触较多。
1996年5月,沈阳到香港城市大学访问期间,曾与高岩数次通信。
1997年1月,沈阳回北京度假,高岩去沈阳住处,要沈阳“表态和她建立恋爱关系”,沈阳无意与高岩恋爱,但当时却回答说“那你就算是我的女朋友吧”,并与高岩搂抱、亲吻。
1997年6月,沈阳从香港返校后,终止与高岩往来。
1998年3月11日,高岩在家中突然死亡。公安部门鉴定,高岩系自杀致死。
北京大学认为,鉴于沈阳作为一名教师,在与女学生高岩的交往中行为不当,违背了《教师法》有关规定,决定给予沈阳行政警告处分。
当年,北大中文系在《关于给予沈阳警告处分的决定》中认为:
沈阳作为一名教师,在与高岩的交往中态度不够严肃,处理很不慎重,高岩之死虽确属自杀,但沈阳在与其关系上处理不当,无疑会使高岩思想上产生强烈刺激。
沈阳又没有及时向组织反映自己与高岩交往以及发现高岩精神状态有问题等情况,以争取组织的帮助,以致酿成严重后果,造成了极坏影响。
“沈阳事件”另一位举报人王敖在近日写给高岩的悼念文中说:
在当代的社会环境下,在权力、掌握的资源、心理成熟度不对等的情况下,师生之间的浪漫/性关系直接指向的是腐败和潜规则,造成强势一方对弱势一方身体和情感的剥削。结果是满足了一些人变态的权力欲和控制欲,付出的代价是一个生命,家长余生中的巨大痛苦,师生们多年的心理阴影。
而李悠悠在谈及时隔20余年实名举报时表示:
实名举报沈阳性侵事件的最终目的,就是希望在高校推动建立长效应对性骚扰和性侵的机制。
“沈阳事件”让师德问题和非正常的师生关系再次成为公众的关注热点,而国外对此类事件的讨论也不在少数。
肯·佳林格(Ken Gallinger)曾做过40年牧师,和不少青少年打交道。他发表在《多伦多星报》的文章中写道,师生关系实质上是权力关系:
The relationship between teacher and student is, by definition, a power relationship. Teachers determine your marks, your possible choice of university, your place in the school band or football team. In a student’s life, not many people have more power than the teacher — even if kids pretend it isn’t so. It’s just the way the system works.
老师和学生的关系实质上是权力关系。老师决定着你的成绩、你对大学的选择、你在校园乐队或者球队的位置。在学生的圈子里,没有什么人是比老师更有权力的,即便学生假装事实并非如此,但现状就是如此。
南加州大学法律与政治科学的教授苏珊·艾斯瑞奇(Susan Estrich)也表示,如果老师和学生发生亲密关系,不论是对当事学生,还是对班级的其他学生,都是一种权力的滥用:
We control their lives, which means it's not fair to the individual student, or to the other students in the class; it's an abuse of the teacher's power.
我们掌控着学生的生活,这对学生个人以及其他学生都是不公平的。这是对老师权力的滥用。
那么,如果这位学生满18岁了,到了“age of consent”(合法年龄,可以自愿同意与他人发生关系的年龄),那老师就可以和学生按照自己的意愿确定关系吗?答案依然是否定:
即便是学生已经满18岁,这种不对等的关系仍然存在:
Teachers have power over students, which undercuts the notion that consent can be given freely.
老师有凌驾于学生的权力,因此,这种自愿同意的概念就被打了折。
Obviously, the younger the student, the worse the injury, but abuse of power is about power, not age.
诚然,学生年纪越小,伤害就越大。但是,对权力的滥用与权力有关,与年龄无关。
➤ 师生关系的界限
肯·佳林格认为,在这种权力不对等的关系中,处于弱势的人,是不太可能划定和另一方的“界限”的:
Sometimes, when someone else has a lot of power over you, it’s hard to even figure out what those boundaries (the invisible lines that separate what’s OK from what’s not) should be. As a result, “power-friendships” too often lead to hurt, even to abuse.
有时当一个人的权力高于你时,你甚至无法去界定你们两个之间的界限是什么,也就是什么该做,什么不该做。所以,这种“权力友谊”经常会造成伤害,甚至虐待。
他为中学生划定了几条这样的“师生界限”:
❶ no physical contact outside of the classroom. None. Zero. Zilch.
避免课堂外的身体接触。千万不能,切记。
❷ no one-on-one meetings behind closed doors. If you’re alone with a teacher, even in your classroom, the door stays open.
在闭门的室内,不要进行一对一的交流。如果你与老师独处,即便是在教室内,门要开着。
❸ no personal emails or tweets — ever.
不要有私人相关的邮件或推特来往——切记。
❹ no exchange of pictures — ever.
不要互相发送照片——切记。
❺ no meetings off school property, unless a bunch of other kids are along.
不要在校外会面,除非有其他同学的陪伴。
❻ no personal gifts from your teacher.
不收老师的私人礼物。
大概很多同学都在懵懂的学生时代偷偷暗恋过一两个知识渊博、风趣幽默的老师。
但是,如果学生主动追求老师,老师就可以接受对方发展恋情了吗?
答案仍然是,不可以!
来看看一个美国中学生,Mikaela Gilbert-Lurie,在《赫芬顿邮报》博客上发表的文章,她从青少年的角度谈了自己对老师和学生之间发展暧昧关系的看法:
As a teenage girl, I know just how often I feel like an adult. I believe that I can and do make many of my own mature decisions about sex and my sexuality.
作为一个十来岁的小女孩,我知道自己常常觉得我已经是个成年人,相信自己可以对于性和性向做出成熟的决定。
The reality is, however, that teenagers are often emotionally unstable. We are more psychologically akin to children, even though we are sexually developed.
而实际情况是,青少年在情感上还十分不稳定。尽管生理发育已经完成,但在心理上我们仍然接近于孩子。
This helps explain why young girls are attracted to older men: adults simultaneously provide the promise of security and emotional safety, and the opportunity for a teenager to feel like an adult, sexually. So it should come as no surprise that adolescents develop crushes on their male and female teachers.
这就解释了为什么年轻女孩总是被年长男人所吸引:你感觉能从成年人身上获得安全感和情感上的安稳,同时还能让一个青少年在性方面体验一把成年人的感觉。所以青少年会暗恋男老师或女老师并不意外。
It does surprise me, however, that these teachers return the sentiments.
但让我意外的却是,有些老师会回应青少年的这种感情。
With the advent of technology and online communication, teachers have perhaps never had more opportunities to foster relationships with their students outside of the classroom.
随着科技的发展和在线交流的兴起,如今老师们大概比以往任何时候都更有机会和学生建立课堂外的关系。
Thanks to social networking, teachers can now communicate with their students through emails, texts and instant messages. Oftentimes, behind the safety of a screen, teachers forget their roles as mentors and figures of authority. Instead, they fall into the trap of talking to their students intimately as if they were romantic interests, and thus potential sex objects.
因为有了社交网络,现在老师们可以通过电邮、短信、即时信息和学生交流。通常,在安全的屏幕背后,老师会忘了自己作为人生向导和权威人物的角色,而陷入一个陷阱,把学生当做恋爱对象,甚至潜在的性对象,与之亲密聊天。
With just a screen and some charming language, in the privacy of their own homes, teachers might forget they are talking to confused, acne-plagued, shy teenagers from their classrooms.
隔着一个屏幕,说着一些撩人的话语,躲在私密家中老师们也许就忘了他们的聊天对象其实是那些坐在教室里的迷惘的、害羞的、长着一脸青春痘的青少年。
Allow me to state this explicitly: teachers who are unable to set boundaries with students have no place in the classroom. I don’t care if she was asking for it. I don’t care if he initiated it. The teacher has the responsibility as a figure of authority to end it before it begins.
我就直说了:无法和学生保持距离的老师就没有资格站在讲台上!我不关心是不是女生要求的,也不关心是不是男生主动的。老师作为一个权威角色,就有责任在一切发生前加以制止。
在大学校园里,已经成年了的学生也许觉得自己有权利决定和谁谈恋爱,但老师绝对不是一个好的选择。
英国《地铁报》(Metro)的评论记者Rebecca Reid发表过一篇文章讲述她大学时“爱上”自己导师的经历,但现在回想起来,她十分感谢那位导师没有逾越正常的师生关系,回应她的感情。
Once upon a time, I was in love with my tutor. Or at least, as in love as I knew how to be.
曾有一度,我爱上了自己的导师,或者说,以我当时所知的方式深爱着他。
I have no doubt he knew how I felt about him.
我毫不怀疑他知道我对他的感觉。
It's only now, years later, I can see how wrong it would have been if he had responded to any of my long, lingering gazes with anything other than a gentle flirt and a reminder we had Chaucer to get through. Not all academic staff members have that kind of integrity.
多年后,回想起来,我才意识到,幸好当时他对我那些目不转睛的凝视的回应只是一句温和的调笑和一句提醒,我们还有乔叟要研究,如果他用别的方式回应我,那么一切都将走入歧途。不是所有的教学人员都能做到这样的正直自律。
Falling in love with a teacher or a lecturer is a type of hero worship, especially when you're an academic person who hasn't dated people who challenge them before. A good teacher will inspire you, and make you believe in yourself. There is something deeply wrong about taking that inspiration and belief and muddying it with sex.
爱上一个老师或讲师其实是一种偶像崇拜,尤其是当你是一个搞学术的,且从未和能挑战你的人谈过恋爱。一个好的老师会启迪你,让你相信自己的能力。而把这种启迪和信念与性爱搅和在一起,是极其错误的。
There are only so many people over the course of our lives who shape our intellects and our passions for learning, and those people should not under any circumstance be allowed to parlay that power into getting laid – no matter how much the student in question might want it.
我们一生中只能遇到那么几个能够塑造我们的学识和培养学习热情的人,就算当事学生再想要,这些人都无论如何不应该利用这种权力换取淫乐。
parlay:充分利用;使增值
“沈阳事件”,我们持续关注!
编辑:唐晓敏 李雪晴 左卓
实习生:石坚